Air Conditioning 2.0

Is Air Conditioning Doing More Damage Than Good

Solar Attic Fans

One of the more popular uses of solar power in the home is the solar attic fan.

As its name implies, a solar attic fan is powered and activated by sunlight. It is installed into the roof of the attic, with its panels facing the sky.

Why would one need a solar-powered attic fan?

Well, for that matter, what is the purpose of an attic fan?

Since heat rises, all of the heat in a home tends to rise up into the attic. If this heat has no easy outlet, it will simply get stuck up there. This causes the over-heating. When combined with a lack of proper ventilation, this leads to dampness, mildew, and the the like.

Furthermore, when the accumulated attic heat is not allowed to escape, the temperature of the entire home rises.

While there are some circumstances under which you want to warm up your home, there are other circumstances under which you would prefer to cool it down. A lack of sufficient ventilation in a hot attic can make matters difficult. Thus, an attic fan can play an important role in allowing you to control the temperature of your home.

Okay, now that we understand what the purpose of this fan is, why would we want it to be solar-powered?

The first answer is obvious - to use greener energy and to avoid using energy sources which damage the environment.

By using solar power for the fan, we can also save a bit of money on electricity.

But a more pragmatic reason for using a solar powered fan is the simple fact that it is basically “wireless.” You won’t have to worry about installing electrical wires and cables into your attic, in order to run your fan.

Solar-powered fans are relatively simple to install into one’s attic. But if you aren’t an enthusiastic DIYer ready to climb onto your roof with a knife and a hammer, you will probably want to get someone else to do it.

When installing a solar-powered fan into the roof, one has to actually cut a hole into the roof and install the fan in that spot. It’s smart to install it on the south facing side, which will receive more sun (unless you live in the Southern Hemisphere, in which case you would obviously install it on the north side). There is a certain degree of skill involved, as is normally the case when one considers the prospect of climbing up on the roof, removing shingles and roofing material, and cutting a hole through to the other side without damaging any rafters.

But overall the process does not take a long time, for someone who knows what they’re doing. The installation of the fan should be well worth the trouble in the long run, particularly if you live in a hot climate. It will run at virtually no running cost, while reducing the overall level of heat in your home. That reduces the costs involved with cooling your home (using less energy-efficient methods, such as Air Conditioning).

So, even if you don’t give a hoot about the environment, a solar attic fan might be a very worthwhile financial investment. Providing you do have an attic.

Anna
http://www.articlesbase.com/home-and-family-articles/solar-attic-fans-715918.html

Biofouling of Manganese-oxidizing Microorganisms in Rameswaram

When any substrate surface is immersed in seawater, adhesion of many microorganisms is observed within a short time. This initial covering of exposed surface is called the slim, biofilm or primary film. Once this attachment process is initiated, a succession of settling of organisms is observed leading to the development microbial population. The predominant organisms are bacteria, algae, unicellular fungi and protozoa in a matrix of detritus, which provides a continuous source of nourishment1. The epiphytic nature of marine bacteria was first studied by Zobell and this bacterial adhesion leads the surfaces to corrosion of the material2. Fouling refers to the undesirable formation of deposits on equipment surfaces, which significantly decreases equipment’s performance and/or its useful life.  Several types of fouling and their combinations may occur, including biological, corrosion, particulate and precipitation fouling.  In general, more than one type of fouling will be occurring simultaneously3.

A sequence of discrete events occurs in the development of biofilms on clean surfaces when they are immersed in the marine environment4.

1.  Adsorption of an abiotic conditioning film.

2. Approach of bacteria to the conditioned surface through water movement, diffusion and/or motility.

3. Reversible adhesion of both motile and non-motile bacteria.

4.  Irreversible adhesion of bacteria mediated by bacteria polymers, and

5.  Development of a secondary microflora.

Adhesion of microorganisms and subsequent development of surface colonies has been the subject of extensive research5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Subsequently, several workers collected data on this aspect from the important commercial harbors of India1. Sulphate-reducing bacteria and iron-oxidizing bacteria have long been considered as major contributors of corrosion. Recently, manganese-oxidizers have also been identified as major contributors to corrosion11, 12. Dickinson et al,13 first to identify the deposition of MnO2 as the likely causative agent of corrosion It was found that the ennoblement effect on the stainless steel could be reproduced by coating the coupons with an alternative for the cathodic reduction of MnO2 and such involvement was reported by Linhardt 14
                                                MnO2  +  H2O + e-      ? MnOOH + OH-

                                                MnO2  +  2 H2O + 2e- ? Mn2+  +4 OH-

Considering the importance of MnOB essentially heterotrophic bacteria and its microbial induced corrosion in different material, and lack of information on the genera involved in manganese deposition/oxidation with analyzing the physical properties of sea water were studied. Present study is aimed to identify HB and MHB bacteria in biofilm of various materials exposed to Rameswaram (Latitude 9o 10’ and 9 o 20’ and longitude 79 o 13’   79 o 27’ E) coastal waters (Palk Bay) Southeast coast of India.

PVC coupons (15 cm x 6 cm), Stainless steel coupons (30mm x 15 mm x 2mm), Titanium coupons (15 cm x 3 cm), Brass coupons (15 cm x 10 cm) and Copper coupons (15 cm x 10 cm). All the coupons were polished, washed with detergents and rinsed with distilled water and stored under sterile conditions until use. The coupons of PVC, Titanium, Brass, Copper and Stainless Steel were immersed one meter below water surface, using wooden rafts. The metal coupons, Brass, Titanium and Brass were exposed for a period of six months (October 2005 to March 2006). The PVC and SS were suspended in the sea for two months (February and March 2006). Sea water samples were also collected from the study area using water sampler to estimate the physiochemical parameters such as salinity, air and water temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) and dissolved oxygen. The sea water nutrients were analysed.

Table: 1 shows the average population of Heterotrophic bacterial (HB) and Manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacterial (MHB) count in immersed coupons like, PVC, Stainless Steel, Brass, Titanium and Copper. The population of HB and MHB on PVC was registered as 3.62 x 107 CFU/cm2 and 2.87 x 107 CFU/cm2, respectively while on Stainless Steel the population density of HB and MHB was recorded as 3.79 x 105 CFU/cm2 and 1.34 x 105 CFU/cm2. The lower population density of Manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria at Stainless Steel was due to the nature of the surface of the material11. On titanium coupons the count of HB was 3.86 x 105 CFU/cm2 and MHB was 2.86 x105 CFU/cm2, while the counts HB and MHB of copper were recorded as 1.42 x 103 CFU/cm2   and 1.10 x103 CFU/cm2.  Brass coupons recorded the population density of HB and MHB were 4.03 x 106 CFU/cm2 and 2.02 x 106 CFU/cm2. The PVC and titanium coupons were recorded relatively higher values comparing with other coupons, and it may be due to the non-toxic nature of the substratum. Brass also recorded higher bacterial population density compared to copper. Videla et al.3 reported that the maximum number of bacterial colonization were found in titanium coupons and it served as an ideal substratum for bacterial colonization this may be due to the corrosion resistant nature of the material. The least population density observed in copper coupons could be due to it toxic nature. Ponmariappan et al15 reported less HB population density on copper than Monel in Tuticorn harbour waters. Venugopal et al.16 studied that bacteria and diatoms constitute two major groups of microorganisms that colonize solid surface immersed in Kalppakkam coastal waters. The population density of Manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria was more or less same as heterotrophic bacteria in all coupons tested. It indicates that most of the heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated were act as manganese depositors after oxidation.

 

Table: 2. Generic composition of heterotrophic bacterial isolates and their present occurrence in immersed coupons like, PVC, Stainless Steel, Brass, Titanium and Copper.

Table: 2 shows the generic composition of heterotrophic bacterial strains isolated from biofilm samples scrapped from various coupons. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups were noted on all the materials studied. The notable thing was that Gram-positive group was fond to be dominant than Gram-negative on all materials studied. When comparing with other coupons the Brass showed higher population density of Gram-negative group than Gram-positive. The similar findings were reported earlier by Palanichamy et al11. The generic composition and microbial load were found to be varying from material to material. The genera identified under Gram-positive were Bacillus sp., hlococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. and the Gram-negative strains identified as Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp. and Proteus sp.  In PVC, the genera identified under Gram-positive included Bacillus sp., Stphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp., while the Gram-negative groups were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp. and Proteus sp.  In stainless steel coupons, the identified genera of Gram-positive bacteria were Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp., while in Gram-negative group showed all the isolates except Salmonella sp. In brass Gram-negative strains were found to dominate over the Gram-positive by the genre Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Vibrio sp. and Proteus sp., while Bacillus was the only Gram-positive group on brass. Titanium showed all the Gram-positive isolates like, Bacillus sp., csp. and Micrococcus sp., and all the Gram-negative isolates like. Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp, Vibrio sp. and Proteus sp. In copper coupons, the genera identified under Gram-positive included Bacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Micrococcus was not registered from copper. In Gram-negative isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp., and Vibrio sp., in copper coupons Salmonella sp. and Proteus sp. will absent.

The generic composition of manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the coupons of PVC, stainless steel, brass, titanium and copper was shows in the Table: 3. all the tested coupons were recorded with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups of bacteria. The common contaminant Bacillus sp. was commonly encountered in all the tested materials. Staphylococcus  sp. and Micrococcus sp. were the other Gram-positive isolates from the coupons. Copper coupons did not show the presence of Staphylococcus  sp. The Gram-negative MHB isolates from different coupons contains Pseudomonas sp., E. coli and Vibrio sp. When comparing HB isolates Salmonella sp. and Proteus sp were absent in MHB and E. coli is present. The presence of E. coli registered only from PVC and SS coupons. In general the bacterial strain isolated from all the coupons showed that Gram- positive groups were dominant.

Table: 3. Generic composition of Manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacterial isolates and their present occurrence in immersed coupons like, PVC, Stainless Steel, Brass, Titanium and Copper.

The Manganese (Mn) concentration in sea water and biofilm formed in different material were showed in Table: 4. Among the five types of coupons tested PVC exhibited highest Mn value of 5543 ng/g, while lowest Mn value 309 ng/g was recorded from brass coupons. Sea water showed 0.78µg/l concentration of Mn.

Table: 4.Heavy metal concentration in sea water (µg/l) and biofilm (ng/g) on PVC, Stainless Steel, Brass, Titanium and Copper coupons.

Bacterial slim samples generated on the exposed coupons were scrapped using sterile brush and immediately transferred to sterile saline water. All the samples were serially diluted. For quantitative examination of the bacterial colonies, the samples were inoculated by spread plate method. The Zobell Marine Agar medium (2216E) was used to enumerate the heterotrophic bacteria (HB) and K-medium was used to enumerate the Manganese-oxidizing heterotrophic bacteria (MHB). The pure cultures were maintained in slants for bacterial characterization. The isolated bacterial strains were characterized up to generic level was done to the key described in the Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology (8thedition and other developed schemes)17. The identification of isolated bacterial strain was done by inoculating each strain in to nutrient broths and nutrient agar plates and incubated for 24-48 hours at 37 oC. The developed cultures were subjected to further microscopic, physiological and biochemical analysis was shown on Table: 6.

Table: 6.Morphology and biochemical characterization of isolated bacterial strains from various materials.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We thank the Co-ordinators, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Thondi Campus, Thondi for permission to communicate the results.

References

1.      Nagabhushanam, R., and Sarojini, R., An overview of Indian Research Efforts  on  Marine Wood-boring and Fouling Organisms, (eds  Nagabhushanam, R and  Thompson, M.E.), Fouling organisms of the Indian Ocean Biology and Control Technology, Oxford & IBH publishing Co. Pvt.  Ltd., New Delhi, 1997, pp. 1-79.

2.      Costerton, J. W. and Lewandowski, Z., Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 1995, 49, 711-745.

3.      Videla, H.A. and Characklis W.G., Biofouling and Microbially Influenced Corrosion, Inter. Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 1992, 29, 195 – 212.

4.      Mitchell, R., and Kirchman, D., The microbial ecology of marine surfaces. In : J.D. Costlow and R.C. Tipper, (eds.) Marine Biodeteriation An Interdisciplinary Study, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1984, pp. 49-56.

5.      Absolom, D.R., Lamberti, F.W., Policova, Z., Zingg, W., Van Oss, D. J., and Neumann, A.W., Surface thermodynamics of bacterial adhesion, Appl. Environ.  Microbio, 1983, 46, 90 – 97.

6.      Barier, R.E., Adhesion in the biologic environment, J. Biomed. Mater.  Res. 1984,12, 123-160.

7.      Barier, R. E., Meyer, A. E., Natiella, R. R., and Carter, J. M., Surface properties determine bioadhesive outcomes: Methods and results, J. Biomed. Mater. Res,1984,18, 337 – 355.

8.      Marshall, K.C., (Ed), Microbias adhesion and aggregation, Dehlem Konferezen Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

9.      Savage, D.C., and Fletcher, M., (eds), Bacterial adhesion, Planum Press, New York, 1985.

10. Hamilton, H. A., Biofilm: Microbial interaction and metabolic activities, In : M. Fletcher, T.R.G. Gray and J.G. Jones (Eds.), Ecology of Microbial Communities,  Society for general microbiology symposium 41, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 361-387.

11. Palanichamy. S., Maruthaumuthu, S., Manickam, S. T., and Rajendran, A., Microfouling of manganese oxidizing bacteria in Tuticorin harbour waters. Curr. Sci, 2002, 82 (7), 865 – 869.

12. Dexter, S. C., and Maruthamuthu, Corrosion, Paper No.01256, 2001, pp. 01256/1-01256/15.

13. Dickinson, W. B., Caccavo, F., and Lewandoski, Z., Corros. Sci. 1996, 38, 1407-1422.

14. Linhardt, P., Abstract paper 011-9, International Society of Electrochemistry, Portugal, 1995.

15. Ponmariappan, S., Kanabiran, S., Stella, C., Mathiarasu, J., and Maruthamuthu, S., Indian. J. Microbiol., 1998, 39, 113-118.

16.  Venugopal, V. P., Rao, T. S., Sargunam, C. A., and Nair, K. V. K., in  Some observations on the biological and biochemical aspects of  biofilm development in Kalpakkam coastal waters.  (eds  Thompson, M. F., Nagabhushanam, R., Sarojini, R., and Fingerman, M.), Recent developments in biofouling control, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,1994.

17. Bergeys`s  Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th edn, Warely Press Inc., The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore,1997.

Dr.Hari Muraleedharan,Dr.V.Kalaigandhi
http://www.articlesbase.com/publishing-articles/biofouling-of-manganeseoxidizing-microorganisms-in-rameswaram-701418.html

4 Tips About Cats Ringworm and Your Children

Did you know that your cats ringworm is not a real honest to goodness worm? That’s right cat lovers. Your cat isn’t infected with a worm, but a fungus. If you’re into big names the medical term is dermatophytosis. Let’s keep it simple and use ringworm throughout this article. This article will give you 4 tips about your feline’s ringworm.

1, Your Cats Ringworm And Your Children.

Ringworm is extremely contagious. Your cat can pass it on to your children, you and other animals. You or the kids can infect someone else or another pet. Not only can it be passed on to others, it can be spread to other parts of your body or the bodies of your child or pet.

It is impetrative that you have your animal treated as soon as possible. In addition, if your child or you, are infected you should consult with your family physician. In most cases if the fungus is treated properly you will start to see improvement within the first few days.

Within 7 to 10 days there should be a complete recovery from the fungus.  However, the doctor or your vet may recommend continued treatment for up to 2 or 3 weeks to make sure there is no reoccurrence of the infection.

2. How Can I Tell If My Cat Has Ringworm?

You should understand that in some cases there will be no outer signs of the fungus infection on some cats. However, your cat can still be a carrier and infect you, your children and your other pets. If you suspect your animal is a carrier call your vet.

If this is the case how can your cat or you be a carrier? Actually that is pretty simple to explain. The fungus can be anywhere. It can be in the grass, on the sidewalk, flowerbeds and can even be in the air ducts of your home.

During the incubation period of the fungus it develops spores, which can be picked up by your pet or you. When your animal or you move about the spores will drop off into the carpet, furniture, clothing, and bedding. Therefore the spores then can be picked up by your heating and Air Conditioning unit to be circulated through out your home.

3. How You Can Identify The Cats Ringworm.

First let’s talk about how ringworm can be spotted on your favorite feline. In most cases you will spot the fungus on the head, around the ears or eyes or on the paws and nails of your cat.

Generally this is demonstrated by the circles of hair loss or flaky red skin in a circular form. You may notice your kitty scratching and licking the wounded area. Furthermore you may well see an increase in broken hairs and patches of flakey skin on the pets bedding, the carpeting, your clothing or your furniture.

One area you need to think about checking closely is the cat’s paws. There is a variety of the fungus, which seems to concentrate in the pads of the paws or under the nail beds of your pet.

Second let’s talk about how to spot it on your child’s body or on your self. Very likely you will have an itchy sensation, in the area, where the fungus has penetrated the skin. As it continues to fester you will see a red circular pattern on the infected area. You may also observe dead looking skin flakes. Again you should contact your doctor in the event you see an outbreak on you or your child.

4. What Are The Treatments For Your Cats Ringworm?

At last there is some good news. Ringworm is easily treated by your vet and you. In the majority of the cases the vet may prescribe an antifungal cream and shampoo. It’s usually a matter of shampooing your favorite pet every other day and applying the cream as directed by the vet.

Surprisingly enough your personal physician will recommend a very similar treatment for you or your child. It’s possible they may prescribe and antifungal soap and cream. However, the doctor may just tell you to pick up the soap and cream across the counter at your local discount store or drugstore.

In conclusion you, your children and your wonderful pet can be infected by cats ringworm. But it is easily treated and cured with the proper medication.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended for any type of medical advice for you or your pet. It is intended for information purposes only. Always consult your personal doctor and your pet’s vet in case of a medical problem.

Andri Irawan
http://www.articlesbase.com/pets-articles/4-tips-about-cats-ringworm-and-your-children-710365.html

Solution To Hot Summer - Air Conditioner Chambersburg PA

As the summer starts its wet climb up the thermostat, residents should relieve themselves by turning on their air conditioner Chambersburg PA heat doesn’t give up. Air conditioners are a major comfort in modern life, and a trustworthy retailer will help you to find a quality air conditioner to keep you cool thru the summer months.

An air conditioner definetly would have helped onetime Chambersburg, PA resident John Brown when he hid away in Mary Ritner’s attic in the summertime of 1859. The militant abolitionist couldn’t have been too cushty when he settled up in the attic in June of that year. His face would have been lined with sweat in that cramped, humid area. If only the Ritners had had the modern miracle of an air conditioner Chambersburg PA could have bettered his plans for the unsuccessful raid on Harper’s Ferry. With an effective air conditioner, who is able to say what would have happened?

Chambersburg, PA’s insufferable summers also played a role in the Civil War. During the June 1863 Gettysburg campaign, the Virginia Cavalry made use of the heat to accelerate their burning of many Chambersburg warehouses. Robert E. Lee subsequently established his headquarters in Chambersburg, where the oppressive heat could have been the maximum amount of an enemy as the northerly army. The heat accelerated another fire the following summer, when Confederate troops burned down the majority of Chambersburg. Chambersburg was the site of many major battles in this Civil War, but there is no need for you to battle the heat so violently this summer. A quality air conditioner will make sure that the summer heat incurs no casualties in Chambersburg, PA this summer.

There are several different purposes for air conditioner Chambersburg PA, but they all have the same goal : keeping humidity low, circulating air, improving air quality, and temperature control. The comfort application of air conditioners guarantees that indoor air temperature will remain consistently low and tolerable to inhabitants of the crib or business regardless of the outside weather. The process application of air conditioning can also provide comfort, but the processes performed are the determinant of the temperature rather than human preference. An example of the process application of Air Conditioning is in nuclear facilities, where the difference of a couple degrees can be key to the soundness of these dangerous properties.

Air conditioning is an essential part of present-day life and something no Chambersburg, PA resident should be without. Your home or business should be outfitted with a quality air conditioner. Thru the use of their air conditioner Chambersburg PA residents do not have to dread June, July, and Aug. Air conditioners let you decide your comfort level, not the whims of mother nature. Keep yourself free of sweat and unhappiness by buying and maintaining a quality air conditioner today.

Anatol Bakewell
http://www.articlesbase.com/tools-and-equipment-articles/solution-to-hot-summer-air-conditioner-chambersburg-pa-1142437.html

What brand do you think for a window type 2HP air condition?

Which of the following do you think is good brand for a 2HP air condition
1. Samsung
2. Panasonic
3. LG
4. Carrier

With the power efficiency and less noise.

Why limit yourself to those 4 brands. Look at the page below and read the "How To Choose" section. Then look at the reviews. This will help you decide. Good luck.

¿What do the US soldiers to deal whit the extreme hot and dry weather of Iraq?

I was wondering, What do the US soldiers and marines, to live, run and figth in the so extreme hot and dry enviroment of iraq.

US soldiers are almost from USA for sure, wich is very cold despite for its summers months. Im from Venezuela, and we do have a extreme hot weather also (35 ºC aprox), and for the normal people its still dificult to deal with. I know you have latins, and colour people in the army, but a big percents are white anglosaxons. So, how you fix the warm problem?

Do they use sunglasses normal or polarized?
Its truth they have Air Conditioning portables installed on their uniforms?
Do they use solar protection cream?

Sunglasses and sunscreen are a good idea. Uniform regulations in country require that you wear long sleeves and long pants and a hat any time you are in combat uniform. They also drink a LOT of water.

Living quarters on larger bases are air-conditioned, so you can come inside and cool off between missions.

You spend two weeks in Kuwait before you get to your combat location. Main purpose of that is so troops have a chance to acclimate.

Is a marine diesel feasible for a small pickup truck?

I have wanted a small diesel (very fuel efficient) pickup for a while. Since no manufacture sees fit to provide one, do you think it is practical to repower a small pickup with a marine diesel? Maybe 50 mhp, 134 ci, 450 lbs. The problems I expect are connecting this thing to a transmission, building mounts, cooling. adding an Air Conditioning unit, etc. What about the power curve? etc.

I don’t see an easy way of implementing marine diesel into small pickup truck. It just something that doesn’t belong there. There are numerous problems that will pop out for you to improvise toward the final goal - very fuel efficient p/u. Cooling, power transmission, differentials… You should know that marine diesel engine will burn much more fuel than if you use some other engine and improvise mounts and few other things. The resistance toward moving of a vehicle compared to a boat is a lot bigger and small marine wouldn’t do the job. Bigger might but then you loose your starting idea for all this. Why not just find an old VW w/ diesel engine 1.6l and fit it in the truck. There is a movie in some European country as I can recall where dude is trying to make a PLANE powered with this engine. Of course… he failed… but then again… it’s just a movie…

Compact Electric Power Generator For The Home Based On Solar Energy

The small solar-power generator for homes is waiting to be built as of today, 2008. Parts and components for a solar power generator have been invented, developed, and are in operation for many years, but the full electrical equipment that powers up a home, has not been integrated and is not ready for the market place.

The home power generator (HPG) based on sun heat requires a small solar dish to collect the heat, a small Stirling engine capable of moving a 3 KWh electrical generator, the power generator and a battery system to store one or two days generated electricity. The battery bank would then supply 24/7 electricity to any outlet upon demand. An additional gas heater installation can be included to backup the lack of sun light, making the system a reliable alternative. Components for this home power generator have yet to be integrated into an appliance homeowners can buy at Sears, Home Depot or other stores, and have it installed.  Larger Power Generators using Stirling Engine are a reality and have been developed by Infinia Corporation for the California Solar Plant.

CENTRALIZED POWER GENERATION
Large power generation and distribution companies, are staying away from the home markets. There are 44 companies in the United States that generate and distribute electricity, with 403 billion in revenues, making profits of 36 billion p/year, who wish to continue charging each consumer forever. Developing technology for homes can hurt their central power generation business. Although their plans may include the diversification of their power source, such as: nuclear, hydro, solar, thermal power, as well as, continuing the use of coal, natural gas, oil, it does not include the home power generation market.

Sunlight is the only energy available to all homes, free of charge, provided by God and nature. If sunlight was harness by each consumer to power up their home, central power generators and distributors may not be needed. Other power generating technologies coming from thermal power, hydro or nuclear power, are innocuous to these utility companies, because home owners will never use these energy sources to generate their own power. Thus we can expect that current power utility companies will continue to use these traditional sources of energy extensively, and will defer and try to derail home solar technology as much as they can, as long as they can.

When no other alternative existed for obtaining electricity as we have had in the past, electricity supplied from these large plants was welcomed. But today, with so many more technologies available, large power generation plants and centralized business model is highly inefficient because: 1. consumers pay more and forever, to these virtual monopolies; 2. homes need to be within the reach of the electrical grids, remote country homes not tied to the grid need to find other ways to power up their home; 3. flying electrical cables through the streets provide for visual contamination and make streets and neighborhoods look bad; 4. the land used for laying down the high tension cables is about 3%; 99% of the power generated comes from contaminating fuels, either fossil fuels or radioactive materials; and lastly the expensive investment plant model inhibits poor countries from obtaining electricity. In essence the centralized power plants have American paying electricity forever, and are the direct cause for poverty and starvation in the world.  Please read on Poverty generation:  http://www.articlesbase.com/politics-articles/poverty-and-the-new-world-order-809385.html

We need to understand that insisting in generating electricity via very large plants, without the development of the Home Power Generator, creates world poverty, inhibits poor countries from obtaining electricity, inhibits people in those countries to produce food and make products to generate an income which can sustain themselves, and comes back to the USA in terms of the help we need to provide but always as charity. 

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
Since FPL, Duque Energy, Constellation Energy and the other 39 companies are incapable of developing the HPG, other investors are need to develop this light weight Solar power generation industry. , similar to the Air conditioning manufacturing plants. Development and fabrication of the HPG would be the integration of the 4 components, which can be produced or outsourced by the investor, making the investment accessible to smaller investors. The HPG appliance will be maintenance free, operating cost free, can be sold all over the world, to power up homes and eliminating the electricity cost of those using it.

Juan Trevino
http://www.articlesbase.com/business-opportunities-articles/compact-electric-power-generator-for-the-home-based-on-solar-energy-725300.html

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy

 

Renewable energy sources worldwide at the end of 2006.

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat — which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning.Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generaiton), followed by solar hot water /heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization.European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle in March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations’ energy should be produced from renewable fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, blamed in part for global warming. Investment capital flowing into renewable energy climbed from $80 billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006.

In responce to the G8’s call on the IEA for “guidance on how to achieve a clean, clever and competitive energy future”, the IEA reported that the replacement of current technology with renewable energy could help reduce CO2 emmisions by 50% by 2050, which they claim is of crucial importance because current policies are not sustainable.

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of over 100 GW, and is widely used in several European countries and the United States. The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached more than 2,000 MW in 2006, and photovoltaic (PV) power stations are particularly popular in Germany. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world’s largest geothermal power installation is The Gevsers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country’s automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA.

While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Kenya has the world’s highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20–100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.

Some renewable energy technologies are criticised for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy.

Main renewable energy technologies

Three energy sources

The majority of renewable energy technologies are directly or indirectly powered by the sun. The Earth-Atmosphere system is in equilibrium such that heat radiation into space is equal to incoming solar radiation, the resulting level of energy within the Earth-Atmosphere system can roughly be described as the Earth’s “climate.” The hydrosphere (water) absorbs a major fraction of the incoming radiation. Most radiation is absorbed at low latitudes around the equator, but this energy is dissipated around the globe in the form of winds and ocean currents. Wave motion may play a role in the process of transferring mechanical energy between the atmosphere and the ocean through wind stress. Solar energy is also responsible for the distribution of precipitation which is tapped by hydroelectric projects, and for the growth of plants used to create biofuels.

Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, as the International Energy Agency explains:

“Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources.”

Each of these sources has unique characteristics which influence how and where they are used.

Wind power

 Vestas V80 wind turbines

Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.

Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm’s annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites. For example, a 1 megawatt turbine with a capacity factor of 35% will not produce 8,760 megawatt-hours in a year, but only 0.35×24x365 = 3,066 MWh, averaging to 0.35 MW. Online data is available for some locations and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output.

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require large amounts of land to be used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy. This number could also increase with higher altitude ground-based or airborne wind turbines.

Wind power is renewable and produces no greenhouse gases during operation, such as carbon dioxdie and methane.

Water power

Energy in water (in the form of kinetic energy, temperature differences or salinity gradients) can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy.

 

One of 3 PELAMIS P-750 Ocean Wave Power engines in the harbour of Peniche/ Portugal.

There are many forms of water energy:

·         Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric dams. Examples are the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington State and the Akosombo Dam in Ghana.

·         Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as a Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS). There are many of these installations around the world, including several delivering around 50 kW in the Solomon Islands.

·         Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam.

·         Ocean energy  describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea:

o   Marine current power. Similar to tidal stream power, uses the kinetic energy of marine currents

o   Ocean thermal energy  conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the colder lower recesses. To this end, it employs a cyclic heat engine. OTEC has not been field-tested on a large scale.

o   Tidal power captures energy from the tides. Two different principles for generating energy from the tides are used at the moment:

o   Tidal motion in the vertical direction — Tides come in, raise water levels in a basin, and tides roll out. Around low tide, the water in the basin is discharged through a turbine, exploiting the stored potential energy.

o   Tidal motion in the horizontal direction — Or tidal stream power. Using tidal stream generators, like wind turbines but then in a tidal stream. Due to the high density of water, about eight-hundred times the density of air, tidal currents can have a lot of kinetic energy. Several commercial prototypes have been build, and more are in development.

·         Wave power  uses the energy in waves. Wave power machines usually take the form of floating or neutrally buoyant structures which move relative to one another or to a fixed point. Wave power has now reached commercialization.

·         Saline gradient power,  or osmotic power, is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. Reverse electrodialysis (RED), and Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is in research and testing phase.

·         Deep lake water cooling,  although not technically an energy generation method, can save a lot of energy in summer. It uses submerged pipes as a heat sink for climate control systems. Lake-bottom water is a year-round local constant of about 4 °C.

Solar energy use

 

Monocrystalline solar cell

In this context, “solar energy” refers to energy that is collected from sunlight. Solar energy can be applied in many ways, including to:

•           Generate electricity by heating trapped air which rotates turbines in a Solar updraft tower.

•           Generate electricity in geosynchronous orbit using solar power satellites.

•           Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar cells.

•           Generate electricity using concentrated solar power.

•           Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical cells.

•           Heat and cool air through use of solar chimneys.

•           Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar building design.

•           Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.

•           Heat water or air for domestic hot water and space heating needs using solar-thermal panels.

•           Solar Air Air Conditioning

Biofuel

Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass. Also known as biomatter, biomass can be used directly as fuel or to produce liquid biofuel. Agriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burned in internal combustion engines or boilers. Typically biofuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Research into more efficient methods of converting biofuels and other fuels into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very active work.

Liquid biofuel

 

Information on pump, California.

Liquid biofuel is usually either a bioalcohol such as ethanol fuel or a bio-oil such as biodiesel and straight vegetable oil. Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles with little or no modification to the engine and can be made from waste and virgin vegetable and animal oil and fats (lipids). Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified diesel engines. In fact the Diesel engine was originally designed to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. A major benefit of biodiesel is lower emissions. The use of biodiesel reduces emission of carbon monoxide and other hydrocarbons by 20 to 40%.

In some areas corn, cornstalks, sugarbeets, sugar cane, and switchgrasses are grown specifically to produce ethanol (also known as grain alcohol) a liquid which can be used in internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Ethanol is being phased into the current energy infrastructure. E85 is a fuel composed of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that is sold to consumers. Biobutanol is being developed as an alternative to bioethanol. There is growing international criticism about biofuels from food crops with respect to issues such as food security, environmental impacts (deforestation) and energy balance.

Solid biomass

 

Sugar cane  residue can be used as a biofuel

Solid biomass is mostly commonly usually used directly as a combustible fuel, producing 10-20 MJ/kg of heat.

Its forms and sources include wood fuel,  the biogenic portion of municipal solid waste, or the unused portion of field crops. Field crops may or may not be grown intentionally as an energy crop,  and the remaining plant byproduct used as a fuel. Most types of biomass contain energy. Even cow manure still contains two-thirds of the original energy consumed by the cow. Energy harvesting via a bioreactor is a cost-effective solution to the waste disposal issues faced by the dairy farmer, and can produce enough biogas to run a farm.

With current technology, it is not ideally suited for use as a transportation fuel. Most transportation vehicles require power sources with high power density, such as that provided by internal combustion engines. These engines generally require clean burning fuels, which are generally in liquid form, and to a lesser extent, compressed gaseous phase. Liquids are more portable because they have high energy density, and they can be pumped, which makes handling easier. This is why most transportation fuels are liquids.

Non-transportation applications can usually tolerate the low power-density of external combustion engines, that can run directly on less-expensive solid biomass fuel, for combined heat and power. One type of biomass is wood, which has been used for millennia in varying quantities, and more recently is finding increased use. Two billion people currently cook every day, and heat their homes in the winter by burning biomass, which is a major contributor to man-made climate change global warming. The black soot that is being carried from Asia to polar ice caps is causing them to melt faster in the summer. In the 19th century, wood-fired steam engines were common, contributing significantly to industrial revolution unhealthy air pollution. Coal is a form of biomass that has been compressed over millennia to produce a non-renewable, highly-polluting fossil fuel.

Wood and its byproducts can now be converted through process such as gasification into biofuels such as woodgas, biogas,  methanol or ethanol fuel; although further development may be required to make these methods affordable and practical. Sugar cane residue, wheat chaff, com cobs and other plant matter can be, and are, burned quite successfully. The net carbon dioxide emissions that are added to the atmosphere by this process are only from the fossil fuel that was consumed to plant, fertilize, harvest and transport the biomass.

Processes to harvest biomass from short-rotation poplars and willows, and perennial grasses such as switchgrass, phalaris, and miscanthus, require less frequent cultivation and less nitrogen than from typical annual crops. Pelletizing miscanthus and burning it to generate electricity is being studied and may be economically viable.

Biogas

Biogas can easily be produced from current waste streams, such as: paper production, sugar production, sewage, animal waste and so forth. These various waste streams have to be slurried together and allowed to naturally ferment, producing methane gas. This can be done by converting current sewage plants into biogas plants. When a biogas plant has extracted all the methane it can, the remains are sometimes better suitable as fertilizer than the original biomass.

Alternatively biogas can be produced via advanced waste processing systems such as mechanical biological treatment. These systems recover the recyclable elements of household waste and process the biodegradable fraction in anaerobic digesters.

Renewable natural gas is a biogas which has been upgraded to a quality similar to natural gas. By upgrading the quality to that of natural gas, it becomes possible to distribute the gas to the mass market via gas grid.

Geothermal energy

 

Krafla Geothermal Station in northeast Iceland

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, usually from kilometers deep into the Earth’s crust. It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth’s core. The government of Iceland states: “It should be stressed that the geothermal resource is not strictly renewable in the same sense as the hydro resource.” It estimates that Iceland’s geothermal energy could provide 1700 MW for over 100 years, compared to the current production of 140 MW. Radioactive elements in the earth’s crust continuously decay, replenishing the heat. The International Energy Agency classifies geothermal power as renewable.

Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator. Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine. In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.

The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts of the world such as Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The two most prominent areas for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California. Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total.

There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks. Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up when there is enough sediment between the rock and the earths surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this technology.

Renewable energy commercialization

Costs

Source                         2001 energy costs                              Potential future energy cost

Electricity

Wind                           4–8 ¢/kWh                                                      3–10 ¢/kWh

Solar photovoltaic       25–160 ¢/kWh                                                            5–25 ¢/kWh

Solar thermal               12–34 ¢/kWh                                                  4–20 ¢/kWh

Large hydropower      2–10 ¢/kWh                                                    2–10 ¢/kWh

Small hydropower       2–12 ¢/kWh                                                    2–10 ¢/kWh

Geothermal                 2–10 ¢/kWh                                                    1–8 ¢/kWh

Biomass                       3–12 ¢/kWh                                                    4–10 ¢/kWh

Coal (comparison)       4 ¢/kWh         

Heat

Geothermal Heat         0.5–5 ¢/kWh                                                   0.5–5 ¢/kWh

Biomass — heat          1–6 ¢/kWh                                                      1–5 ¢/kWh

Low Temp Solar Heat 2–25 ¢/kWh                                                    2–10 ¢/kWh

All costs are in 2001 US$-cent per kilowatt-hour.

New generation of solar thermal plants

The 11 megawatt PS10 solar power tower in Spain produces electricity from the sun using 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats.

Aerial view of one of the SEGS plants.

Since 2004 there has been renewed interest in solar thermal power stations and two plants were completed during 2006/2007: the 64 MW Nevada Solar One and the 11 MW PS10 solar power tower in Spain. Three 50 MW trough plants were under construction in Spain at the end of 2007 with 10 additional 50 MW plants planned. In the United States, utilities in California and Florida have announced plans (or contracted for) at least eight new projects totaling more than 2,000 MW.

In developing countries, three world bank projects for integrated CSP/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco were approved during 2006/2007.

There are several solar thermal power plant in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid. Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 MW making them the largest solar power installation in the world.

World’s largest photovoltaic power plants

Several large photovoltaic power plants have been completed in Spain in 2008: the Parque Fotovoltaico Olmedilla de Alarcon (60 MW), Parque Solar Merida/Don Alvaro (30 MW), Planta solar Fuente Alamo (26 MW), Planta fotovoltaica de Lucainena de las Torres (23.2 MW), Parque Fotovoltaico Abertura Solar (23.1 MW), Parque Solar Hoya de Los Vincentes (23 MW), the Solarpark Calveron (21 MW), and the Planta Solar La Magascona (20 MW).

First Solar 40 MW PV Array installed by JUWI Group in Waldpolenz, Germany

Waldpolenz Solar Park, which will be the world’s largest thin-flim photovoltaic (PV) power system, is being built at a former military air base to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant will be a 40-megawatt solar power system using state-of-the-art thin film technology, and should be finished by the end of 2009. 550,000 First Solar thin-film modules will be used, which will supply 40,000 MWh of electricity per year.

Topaz Solar Farm is a proposed 550 MW solar photovoltaic power plant which is to be built northwest of California Valley in the USA at a cost of over $1 billion. Built on 9.5 square miles (25 km2) of ranchland, the project would utilize thin-film PV panels designed and manufactured by OptiSolar in Hayward and Sacramento. The project would deliver approximately 1,100 gigawatt-hours (GWh) annually of renewable energy. The project is expected to begin construction in 2010, begin power delivery in 2011, and be fully operational by 2013.

High Plains Ranch  is a proposed 250 MW solar photovoltaic power plant which is to be built by Sun Power in the Carrizo Plain, northwest of California Valley.

However, when it comes to renewable energy systems and PV, it is not just large systems that matter. Building-Integrated Photovoltaics or “onsite” PV systems have the advantage of being matched to end use energy needs in terms of scale. So the energy is supplied close to where it is needed.

Environmental and social considerations

While most renewable energy sources do not produce pollution directly, the materials, industrial processes, and construction equipment used to create them may generate waste and pollution. Some renewable energy systems actually create environmental problems. For instance, older wind turbines can be hazardous to flying birds.

Land area required

Another environmental issue, particularly with biomass and biofuels, is the large amount of land required to harvest energy, which otherwise could be used for other purposes or left as undeveloped land. However, it should be pointed out that these fuels may reduce the need for harvesting non-renewable energy sources, such as vast strip-mined areas and slag mountains for coal, safety zones around nuclear plants, and hundreds of square miles being strip-mined for oil sands. These responses, however, do not account for the extremely high biodiversity and endemism of land used for ethanol crops, particularly sugar cane.

In the U.S., crops grown for biofuels are the most land- and water-intensive of the renewable energy sources. In 2005, about 12% of the nation’s corn crop (covering 11 million acres (45,000 km²) of farmland) was used to produce four billion gallons of ethanol—which equates to about 2% of annual U.S. gasoline consumption. For biofuels to make a much larger contribution to the energy economy, the industry will have to accelerate the development of new feedstocks, agricultural practices, and technologies that are more land and water efficient. Already, the efficiency of biofuels production has increased significantly and there are new methods to boost biofuel production.

Hydroelectric dams

The major advantage of hydroelectric systems is the elimination of the cost of fuel. Other advantages include longer life than fuel-fired generation, low operating costs, and the provision of facilities for water sports. Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system. Overall, hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy, and areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry.

However, there are several major disadvantages of hydroelectric systems. These include: dislocation of people living where the reservoirs are planned, release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide at construction and flooding of the reservoir, disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife, adverse impacts on the river environment, potential risks of sabotage and terrorism, and in rare cases catastrophic failure of the dam wall.

Hydroelectric power is now more difficult to site in developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or may be unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations.

Wind farms

Wind power  is one of the most environmentally friendly sources of renewable energy

A wind farm, when installed on agricultural land, has one of the lowest environmental impacts of all energy sources:

•           It occupies less land area per kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity generated than any other energy conversion system, apart from rooftop solar energy, and is compatible with grazing and crops.

•           It generates the energy used in its construction in just 3 months of operation, yet its operational lifetime is 20–25 years.

•           Greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution produced by its construction are tiny and declining. There are no emissions or pollution produced by its operation.

•           In substituting for base-load coal power, wind power produces a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, and a net increase in biodiversity.

•           Modern wind turbines are almost silent and rotate so slowly (in terms of revolutions per minute) that they are rarely a hazard to birds.

Studies of birds and offshore wind farms in Europe have found that there are very few bird collisions. Several offshore wind sites in Europe have been in areas heavily used by seabirds. Improvements in wind turbine design, including a much slower rate of rotation of the blades and a smooth tower base instead of perchable lattice towers, have helped reduce bird mortality at wind farms around the world. However older smaller wind turbines may be hazardous to flying birds. Birds are severely impacted by fossil fuel energy; examples include birds dying from exposure to oil spills, habitat loss from acid rain and mountaintop removal coal mining, and mercury poisoning.

Other issues

Sustainability

Renewable energy sources are generally sustainable in the sense that they cannot “run out” as well as in the sense that their environmental and social impacts are generally more benign than those of fossil. However, both biomass and geothermal energy require wise management if they are to be used in a sustainable manner. For all of the other renewables, almost any realistic rate of use would be unlikely to approach their rate of replenishment by nature.

Transmission

If renewable and distribution generation were to become widespread, electric power transmission and electricity distribution systems might no longer be the main distributors of electrical energy but would operate to balance the electricity needs of local communities. Those with surplus energy would sell to areas needing “top ups”. That is, network operation would require a shift from ‘passive management’ — where generators are hooked up and the system is operated to get electricity ‘downstream’ to the consumer — to ‘active management’, wherein generators are spread across a network and inputs and outputs need to be constantly monitored to ensure proper balancing occurs within the system. Some governments and regulators are moving to address this, though much remains to be done. One potential solution is the increased use of active management of electricity transmission and distribution networks. This will require significant changes in the way that such networks are operated.

However, on a smaller scale, use of renewable energy produced on site reduces burdens on electricity distribution systems. Current systems, while rarely economically efficient, have shown that an average household with an appropriately-sized solar panel array and energy storage system needs electricity from outside sources for only a few hours per week. By matching electricity supply to end-use needs, advocates of renewable energy and the soft energy path believe electricity systems will become smaller and easier to manage, rather than the opposite.

Controversy over nuclear power as a renewable energy source

In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. He claims that fast breeder reactors, fueled by uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun’s expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. Nuclear energy has also been referred to as “renewable” by the politicians George W. Bush, Charlie Crist,  and David Sainsbury.

Inclusion under the “renewable energy” classification could render nuclear power projects eligible for development aid under various jurisdictions. However, it has not been established that nuclear energy is inexhaustible, and issues such as peak uranium and uranium depletion are ongoing debates. No legislative body has yet included nuclear energy under any legal definition of “renewable energy sources” for provision of development support. Similarly, statutory and scientific definitions of renewable energies usually exclude nuclear energy. Commonly sourced definitions of renewable energy sources often omit or explicitly exclude nuclear energy sources as examples.Nuclear fission is not regarded as renewable by the U.S. DOE on the website “What is Energy?”

There are also environmental concerns over nuclear power, including the dangerous environmental hazards of nuclear waste and concerns that development of new plants cannot happen quickly enough to reduce CO2 emissions, such that nuclear energy is neither efficient nor effective in cutting CO2 emissions.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:

There are many energy sources today that are extremely limited in supply. Some of these sources include oil, natural gas, and coal. It is a matter of time before they will be exhausted.

Estimates are that they can only meet our energy demands for another fifty to seventy years. So in an effort to find alternative forms of energy, the world has turned to renewable energy sources as the solution. There are many advantages and disadvantages to this.

Renewable energy sources consist of solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, ocean and biomass. The most common advantage of each is that they are renewable and cannot be depleted. They are a clean energy, as they don’t pollute the air, and they don’t contribute to global warming or greenhouse effects. Since their sources are natural the cost of operations is reduced and they also require less maintenance on their plants. A common disadvantage to all is that it is difficult to produce the large quantities of electricity their counterpart the fossil fuels are able to. Since they are also new technologies, the cost of initiating them is high.

Solar energy makes use of the sun’s energy. It is advantageous because the systems can fit into existing buildings and it does not affect land use. But since the area of the collectors is large, more materials are required. Solar radiation is also controlled by geography. And it is limited to daytime hours and non-cloudy days.

Wind energy uses the power of the wind to produce electricity. Although it is the largest job producer, it is reliant on strong winds. Wind turbines are large and, although you can use the area under them for farming, many consider them unattractive looking. They are also very noisy to operate. In addition, they threaten the wild bird population.

Hydroelectric energy uses water to produce power. This is the most reliable of all the renewable energy sources. On the down side, it affects ecology and causes downstream problems. The decay of vegetation along the riverbed can cause the buildup of methane. Methane is a contributing gas to greenhouse effect. Dams can also alter the natural river flow and affect wildlife. Colder, oxygen poor water can be released into the river, killing fish. And the release of water from the dam can cause flooding.

Geothermal energy uses steam from the Earth’s ground to generate power. It uses smaller land areas than other power plants. They can run 24 hours per day, every day of the year. Disadvantages are that it is very site specific and, along with the heat from the Earth, it can also bring up toxic chemicals when obtaining the steam. Drilling geothermal reservoirs and finding them can be an expensive task.

Biomass electricity is produced through the energies from wood, agricultural and municipal waste. It helps save on landfill waste but transportation can be expensive and ecological diversity of land may be affected. In addition, its process needs to be made simpler.

Ocean energy is a clean and abundant energy form. It does, however, have high costs. Ocean thermal energy also requires close to a forty degree Fahrenheit difference in water temperature year round. In addition, construction and laying pipes can cause damage to the ecosystem.

There are many advantages to the use of renewable energy sources. There are also some disadvantages. The fact is energy demands will continue to increase. Through research and development, as well as, new technologies, the hope is many of the disadvantages of renewable sources of energy can be eliminated and we can successfully incorporate it into our power supplies.

                                                 

N.Sankari
http://www.articlesbase.com/electronics-articles/renewable-energy-707358.html